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Query Builders

Before we start
Insert Builder
- Batch Insert
- Quick Inserts
SelectQuery Builder
UpdateQuery Builder
DeleteQuery Builders

You can read how to work with Database using manually written queries here. DBAL component includes set of QueryBuilders used to unify the way of working with different databases and simplify migration to different DBMS over the lifetime of application.

Before we start

In order to demonstrate query building abilities let's declare sample table in our default database first:

php
protected function indexAction(Database $database)
{
    $schema = $database->table('test')->getSchema();
    
    $schema->primary('id');
    $schema->datetime('time_created');
    $schema->enum('status', ['active', 'disabled'])->defaultValue('active');
    $schema->string('name', 64);
    $schema->string('email');
    $schema->double('balance');
    $schema->save();
}

You can read more about declarative schemas here.

Insert Builder

To get an instance of InsertBuilder (responsible for insertions), we have to execute following code:

php
$insert = $database->insert('test');

Now we can add some values to our builder to be inserted into related table:

php
$insert = $database->insert('test');

$insert->values([
    'time_created' => new \DateTime(),
    'name'         => 'Anton',
    'email'        => 'test@email.com',
    'balance'      => 800.90
]);

To run InsertQuery we should only execute method run() which will return last inserted id as result:

php
dump($insert->run());

You can also use fluent syntax: $database->insert('table')->values(...)->run().

Batch Insert

You add as many values into insert builder as your database can support:

php
$insert->columns(['time_created', 'name', 'email', 'balance']);
for ($i = 0; $i < 20; $i++) {
    //We don't need to specify key names in this case
    $insert->values([
        new \DateTime(),
        $this->faker->randomNumber(2),
        $this->faker->email,
        $this->faker->randomFloat(2)
    ]);
}

$insert->run();

Quick Inserts

You can skip InsertQuery creation by talking to your table directly:

php
$table = $database->table('test');

dump($table->insertOne([
    'time_created' => new \DateTime(),
    'name'         => 'Anton',
    'email'        => 'test@email.com',
    'balance'      => 800.90
]));

Table class will automatically run query and return last inserted id. You can also check insertMultiple method of Table.

SelectQuery Builder

SelectQuery builder can be retrieved two very similar ways, you can either get it from database or from table instances:

php
protected function indexAction(Database $database)
{
    $select = $database->table('test')->select();
    $select = $database->select()->from('test');
    
    //Alternative
    $select = $database->test->select();
}

Select Columns

By default SelectQuery selects every column (*) from it's related table. We can always change set of requested columns using columns method.

php
$database->users->select()->columns('name')->fetchAll();

You can use your select query as proper iterator or use run method which will return instance of PDOStatement:

php
foreach($select->getIterator() as $row) {
    dump($row);
}

To select all values as array use fetchAll:

php
foreach($select->fetchAll() as $row) {
    dump($row);
}

You can always view what SQL is generated by your query by dumping it or via method queryString:

dump
dump($database->users->select()->columns('name')->queryString());

Attention, queryString method returns interpolated query (will inserted where values), do not use it run a query. You can access SQL with value placeholders using sqlStatement method.

Where Statements

Add WHERE conditions to your query using where, andWhere, orWhere methods.

Basics

Let's add simple condition on status column of our table:

php
protected function indexAction(Database $database)
{
    $select = $database->select()->from('test')->columns(['id', 'status', 'name']);

    $select->where('status', '=', 'active');

    foreach ($select as $row) {
        dump($row);
    }
}

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `status` = 'active'        

Note, that prepared statement will be used behind the scenes.

You can skip '=' in your conditions:

php
$select->where('status', 'active');

Where Operators

Second argument can be used to declare operator:

php
$select->where('id', '>', 10);
$select->where('status', 'like', 'active');

For between and not between conditions you can also use forth argument of where method:

php
$select->where('id', 'between', 10, 20);

Resulted SQL:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` BETWEEN 10 AND 20  

Multiple Where Conditions

Chain multiple where conditions using fluent calls:

php
$select->where('id', 1)->where('status', 'active');

Method andWhere is an alias for where, so we can rewrite such condition to make it more readable:

php
$select->where('id', 1)->andWhere('status', 'active');

Resulted SQL:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` = 1 AND `status` = 'active'

SelectQuery will generate SQL based respecting your operator order and boolean operators:

php
$select->where('id', 1)->orWhere('id', 2)->orWhere('status', 'active');

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` = 1 OR `id` = 2 OR `status` = 'active'

Complex/Group Where Conditions

Group multiple where conditions using Closure as your first argument:

php
$select->where('id', 1)->where(function (SelectQuery $select) {
    $select->where('status', 'active')->orWhere('id', 10);
});

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` = 1 AND (`status` = 'active' OR `id` = 10)

Boolean joiners are respected:

php
$select->where('id', 1)->orWhere(function (SelectQuery $select) {
    $select->where('status', 'active')->andWhere('id', 10);
});

Result:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` = 1 OR (`status` = 'active' AND `id` = 10)     

You can nest as many conditions as you want.

Simplified/array Where Conditions

Alternatively you can use MongoDB style to build your where conditions:

php
$select->where([
    'id'     => 1,
    'status' => 'active'
]);

Such code is identical to two where method calls and generates such sql:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE (`id` = 1 AND `status` = 'active')

You can also specify custom comparision operators using nested arrays:

php
$select->where([
    'id'     => ['in' => new Parameter([1, 2, 3])],
    'status' => ['like' => 'active']
]);

Attention, you have to wrap all array arguments using Parameter class, scalar arguments will be wrapped automatically.

Resulted SQL:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE (`id` IN (1, 2, 3) AND `status` LIKE 'active')

Multiple conditions per field are supported:

php
$select->where([
    'id' => [
        'in' => [1, 2, 3],
        '<'  => 100
    ]
]);

Use @or and @and groups to create where groups:

php
$select->where(function (SelectQuery $select) {
    $select->where('id', 'between', 10, 100)->andWhere('name', 'Anton');
})->orWhere('status', 'disabled');

Using short syntax:

php
$select->where([
    '@or' => [
        [
            'id'   => ['between' => [10, 100]],
            'name' => 'Anton'
        ],
        ['status' => 'disabled']
    ]
]);

In both cases resulted SQL will look like:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE ((`id` BETWEEN 10 AND 100 AND `name` = 'Anton') OR `status` = 'disabled')

You can experiment with both ways to declare where conditions and pick one you like more.

Parameters

Spiral mocks all given values using Parameter class internally, in some cases (array) you might need to pass Parameter directly. You can alter parameter value at any moment, but before query run method:

php
$select = $database->select()->from('test')->columns(['id', 'status', 'name']);

$select->where('id', $id = new Parameter(null));

//Bing new parameter value
$id->setValue(15);

foreach ($select as $row) {
    dump($row);
}

You can also pass requested PDO parameter type as second argument: new Parameter(1, PDO::PARAM_INT). Internally every value passed into where method are going to be wrapped using Parameter class.

You can implement ParameterInterface if you want to declare your own parameter wrappers with custom logic.

SQL Fragments and Expressions

QueryBuilders allow you to replace some of where statements with custom SQL code or expression. Use Spiral\Database\Injections\Fragment and Spiral\Database\Injections\Expression for such purposes.

Use fragment to include SQL code into your query bypassing escaping:

php
//255
$select->where('id', '=', new Fragment("DAYOFYEAR('2015-09-12')"));

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` = DAYOFYEAR('2015-09-12')

If you wish to compare complex value to user parameter replace where column with expression:

php
$select->where(new Expression("DAYOFYEAR(concat('2015-09-', id))"), 255);

sql
SELECT
*
FROM `x_users`
WHERE DAYOFYEAR(concat('2015-09-', `id`)) = 255

Note that all column identifiers in Expressions will be quoted.

Join multiple columns same way:

php
$select->where(new Expression("CONCAT(id, '-', status)"), '1-active');

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE CONCAT(`id`, '-', `status`) = '1-active'

Expressions are extremely useful when you Database have non empty prefix:

php
$select->where(new Expression("CONCAT(test.id, '-', test.status)"), '1-active');

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE CONCAT(`primary_test`.`id`, '-', `primary_test`.`status`) = '1-active'

You can also use expressions and fragments as column values in insert and update statements.

Please keep client data as far from Expressions and Fragments as it possible.

Table and Column aliases

QueryBuilders support user defined table and column aliases:

php
$select = $database->select()->from('test as abc')->columns([
    'id',
    'status',
    'name'
]);

$select->where('abc.id', '>', 10);

foreach ($select as $row) {
    dump($row);
}

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test` as `abc`
WHERE `abc`.`id` > 10

Columns:

php
$select = $database->select()->from('test')->columns([
    'id',
    'status as st',
    'name',
    "CONCAT(test.name, ' ', test.status) as name_and_status"
]);

foreach ($select as $row) {
    dump($row);
}

SQL:

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status` as `st`, `name`, CONCAT(`primary_test`.`name`, ' ',`primary_test`.`status`) as `name_and_status`
FROM `primary_test`

Sub/Nested Queries

Every spiral QueryBuilder is as instance of FragmentInterface, this makes you able to create complex nested queries when you need them:

php
$select = $database->select()->from('test')->columns(['id', 'status', 'name']);

$select->where(
    'id',
    'IN',
    $database->select('id')->from('test')->where('id', 'BETWEEN', 10, 100)
);

foreach ($select as $row) {
    dump($row);
}

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` IN  (SELECT
`id`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` BETWEEN 10 AND 100)  

You can compare nested query return value in where statements:

php
$select->where(
    $database->select('COUNT(*)')->from('test')->where('id', 'BETWEEN', 10, 100), '>', 1
);

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE (SELECT
COUNT(*)
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE `id` BETWEEN 10 AND 100) > 1   

You can exchange column identifiers between parent and nested query using Expression class:

php
$select = $database->select()->from('test')->columns(['id', 'status', 'name']);

$select->where(
    $database->select('name')->from('users')->where(
        'id', '=', new Expression('test.id')
    )->where('id', '!=', 100),
    'Anton'
);

sql
SELECT
`id`, `status`, `name`
FROM `primary_test`
WHERE (SELECT
`name`
FROM `primary_users`
WHERE `id` = `primary_test`.`id` AND `id` != 100) = 'Anton'

Nested queries will only work when nested query belongs to the same database as primary builder.

Having

Use methods having, orHaving and andHaving methods to define HAVING conditions. Syntax is identical to WHERE statement.

Yep, it was quick.

Joins

You can join any desired table to your query using leftJoin, join, rightJoin, fullJoin and innerJoin methods:

php
$select = $database->table('test')->select(['test.*', 'u.name as u']);

$select->leftJoin('users', 'u')->on('users.id', 'test.id');

sql
 SELECT
`x_test`.*, `u`.`name` AS `u`
FROM `x_test` 
LEFT JOIN `x_users` AS `u`
    ON `x_users`.`id` = `x_test`.`id`

Method on works exactly as where except provided values treated as identifier and not as user value. Chain on, andOn and orOn methods to create more complex joins:

php
$select->leftJoin('users')->on('users.id', 'test.id')->orOn('users.id', 'test.balance');

Array based where conditions is also supported:

sql
$select->leftJoin('users', 'u')->on([
    '@or' => [
        ['u.id' => 'test.id'],
        ['u.id' => 'test.balance']
    ]
]);

Generated SQL:

sql
SELECT
`primary_test`.*, `primary_users`.`name` as `user_name`
FROM `primary_test`  
LEFT JOIN `primary_users`
    ON (`primary_users`.`id` = `primary_test`.`id` OR `primary_users`.`id` = `primary_test`.`balance`)    

On Where statement

To include user value into ON statement, use methods onWhere, orOnWhere and andOnWhere:

php
$select->innerJoin('users')->on(['users.id' => 'test.id'])->onWhere('users.name', 'Anton');

sql
SELECT
`primary_test`.*, `primary_users`.`name` as `user_name`
FROM `primary_test`  
INNER JOIN `primary_users`
    ON `primary_users`.`id` = `primary_test`.`id` AND `primary_users`.`name` = 'Anton'

Aliases

Second parameter in join methods are dedicated to table alias, feel free to use it in on and where statements of your query:

php
$select = $database->table('test')->select(['test.*', 'uu.name as user_name']);
$select->innerJoin('users', 'uu')->onWhere('uu.name', 'Anton');

Alternatively:

php
$select = $database->table('test')->select(['test.*', 'uu.name as user_name']);
$select->innerJoin('users as uu')->onWhere('uu.name', 'Anton');

sql
SELECT
`primary_test`.*, `uu`.`name` as `user_name`
FROM `primary_test`  
INNER JOIN `primary_users` as `uu`
    ON `uu`.`id` = `primary_test`.`id` AND `uu`.`name` = 'Anton'       

OrderBy

User orderBy to specify sort direction:

php
//We have a join, so table name is mandratory
$select->orderBy('test.id', SelectQuery::SORT_DESC);

Multiple orderBy calls are allowed:

php
$select->orderBy(
    'test.name', SelectQuery::SORT_DESC
)->orderBy(
    'test.id', SelectQuery::SORT_ASC
);

Alternatively:

php
$select->orderBy([
    'test.name' => SelectQuery::SORT_DESC,
    'test.id'   => SelectQuery::SORT_ASC
]);

Both ways will produce such SQL:

sql
SELECT
`primary_test`.*, `uu`.`name` as `user_name`
FROM `primary_test`  
INNER JOIN `primary_users` as `uu`
    ON `uu`.`id` = `primary_test`.`id` AND `uu`.`name` = 'Anton' 
ORDER BY `primary_test`.`name` DESC, `primary_test`.`id` ASC

You can also use Fragments instead of sorting identifiers (by default identifiers are treated as column name or expression).

GroupBy and Distinct

If you wish to select only unique results from your selection use method distinct (always use distinct while loading HAS_MANY/MANY_TO_MANY relations in ORM).

php
$select->distinct();

Result grouping is available using groupBy method:

php
$select = $database->table('test')->select(['status', 'count(*) as count'])->groupBy('status');

As you might expect produced SQL looks like:

sql
SELECT
`status`, count(*) as `count`
FROM `primary_test`
GROUP BY `status`

Aggregations and Count

Since you can manipulate with selected columns including COUNT and other aggregation functions into your query might look like:

php
$select = $database->table('test')->select(['COUNT(*)']);

Though, in many cases you want to get query count or summarize results without column manipulations, use count, avg, sum, max and min methods to do that:

php
$select = $database->table('test')->select(['id', 'name', 'status']);

dump($select->count());
dump($select->sum('balance'));

sql
SELECT
COUNT(*)
FROM `primary_test`;

SELECT
SUM(`balance`)
FROM `primary_test`;

Pagination

You can paginate your query using methods limit and offset:

php
$select = $database->table('test')->select(['id', 'name', 'status']);
$select->limit(10)->offset(1);
foreach ($select as $row) {
    dump($row);
}

In addition, SelectQuery support Pagination component and makes you able to manipulate with results easier:

php
$select = $database->table('test')->select(['id', 'name', 'status']);

//Uses "page" query value of active request
$select->paginate(10);

foreach ($select as $row) {
    dump($row);
}

UpdateQuery Builder

Use "update" method of your table or database instance to get access to UpdateQuery builder, call run method of such query to execute result:

php
$update = $database->table('test')->update([
    'name' => 'Abc'
]);

$update->where('id', '<', 10)->run();

sql
UPDATE `primary_test`
SET `name` = 'Abc'
WHERE `id` < 10

You can use Expression and Fragment instances in your update values:

php
$update = $database->table('test')->update([
    'name' => new Expression('UPPER(test.name)')
]);

$update->where('id', '<', 10)->run();

sql
UPDATE `primary_test`
SET `name` = UPPER(`primary_test`.`name`)
WHERE `id` < 10

Nested queries are also supported:

php
$update = $database->table('test')->update([
    'name' => $database->table('users')->select('name')->where('id', 1)
]);

$update->where('id', '<', 10)->run();

sql
UPDATE `primary_test`
SET `name` = (SELECT
`name`
FROM `primary_users`
WHERE `id` = 1)
WHERE `id` < 10 

Where methods work identically as in SelectQuery.

DeleteQuery Builders

Delete queries are represent by DeleteQuery accessible via "delete" method:

php
$database->table('test')->delete()->where('id', '<', 1000)->run();

You can also specify where statement in Table delete method in a form of where array:

php
$database->table('test')->delete([
    'id' => ['>' => 1000]
])->run();

← PREVIOUS PDO Queries

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Query Builders

#Before we start

#Insert Builder

#Batch Insert

#Quick Inserts

#SelectQuery Builder

#Select Columns

#Where Statements

#Basics

#Where Operators

#Multiple Where Conditions

#Complex/Group Where Conditions

#Simplified/array Where Conditions

#Parameters

#SQL Fragments and Expressions

#Table and Column aliases

#Sub/Nested Queries

#Having

#Joins

#On Where statement

#Aliases

#OrderBy

#GroupBy and Distinct

#Aggregations and Count

#Pagination

#UpdateQuery Builder

#DeleteQuery Builders

Before we start

Insert Builder

Batch Insert

Quick Inserts

SelectQuery Builder

Select Columns

Where Statements

Basics

Where Operators

Multiple Where Conditions

Complex/Group Where Conditions

Simplified/array Where Conditions

Parameters

SQL Fragments and Expressions

Table and Column aliases

Sub/Nested Queries

Having

Joins

On Where statement

Aliases

OrderBy

GroupBy and Distinct

Aggregations and Count

Pagination

UpdateQuery Builder

DeleteQuery Builders